Descartes’ Special Causal Principle Essays -- Philosophy essays

Descartes’ Special Causal Principle      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his Meditations, Rene Descartes attempts to uncover certain truths about existence.   In his Third Meditation, he establishes his "special causal principle" (SCP).   Descartes uses this principle to explore the origin of ideas, and to prove the existence of God.   I agree that there is much logic to be found in the SCP, but I disagree with Descartes method of proving God's existence, and in this essay I will explain why.   I will begin by explaining the SCP, and will then demonstrate how Descartes applies this principle to prove that God exists.   I will then present my critique of the SCP, and expose the flaws in both of Descartes proofs with regards to the principle.   A conclusion will then follow.    In Descartes Second Meditation, he established that because he is a thinking being, he exists.   In the Third Meditation, Descartes attempts to build upon this foundation by questioning whether or not anything exists outside of him.   In order to do so, he must distinguish between those of his thoughts that come from outside, and those which only seem to.   The method Descartes uses for this differentiation is the special causal principle (SCP).   At its core, the SCP is a basic cause and effect argument.   Descartes begins his rationale for the SCP as follows:    Now it is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause.1    There are two major outcomes of this logic.   Firstly, that something cannot come from nothing, and secondly that what contains more reality (or is more perfect) cannot come from something that contains less reality (or is less perfect).   To illustrate this argu... ...clusion, there is undeniable logic in the SCP.   Once the SCP is explained to be founded on the ability to recognize self-evident truths, it becomes a reliable principle through which to explore the existence of God.   But the SCP becomes unclear and less distinct when dealing with metaphysical objects such as ideas.   By extending the SCP to ideas, Descartes ventures too far away from his notions of "clarity" and "distinctness."   Had Descartes chosen not to limit himself to his own thoughts as the sole vehicles for exploring whether or not God exists, he would likely have met with much more success.    BIBLIOGRAPHY: Cottingham, John [ed].   Meditations on First Philosophy.   Cambridge University Press.   Great Britain; 1997    Notes 1 Paragraph 41 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Paragraph 43 5 Paragraph 45 6 Paragraph 42 7 Paragraph 51    Descartes’ Special Causal Principle Essays -- Philosophy essays Descartes’ Special Causal Principle      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his Meditations, Rene Descartes attempts to uncover certain truths about existence.   In his Third Meditation, he establishes his "special causal principle" (SCP).   Descartes uses this principle to explore the origin of ideas, and to prove the existence of God.   I agree that there is much logic to be found in the SCP, but I disagree with Descartes method of proving God's existence, and in this essay I will explain why.   I will begin by explaining the SCP, and will then demonstrate how Descartes applies this principle to prove that God exists.   I will then present my critique of the SCP, and expose the flaws in both of Descartes proofs with regards to the principle.   A conclusion will then follow.    In Descartes Second Meditation, he established that because he is a thinking being, he exists.   In the Third Meditation, Descartes attempts to build upon this foundation by questioning whether or not anything exists outside of him.   In order to do so, he must distinguish between those of his thoughts that come from outside, and those which only seem to.   The method Descartes uses for this differentiation is the special causal principle (SCP).   At its core, the SCP is a basic cause and effect argument.   Descartes begins his rationale for the SCP as follows:    Now it is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause.1    There are two major outcomes of this logic.   Firstly, that something cannot come from nothing, and secondly that what contains more reality (or is more perfect) cannot come from something that contains less reality (or is less perfect).   To illustrate this argu... ...clusion, there is undeniable logic in the SCP.   Once the SCP is explained to be founded on the ability to recognize self-evident truths, it becomes a reliable principle through which to explore the existence of God.   But the SCP becomes unclear and less distinct when dealing with metaphysical objects such as ideas.   By extending the SCP to ideas, Descartes ventures too far away from his notions of "clarity" and "distinctness."   Had Descartes chosen not to limit himself to his own thoughts as the sole vehicles for exploring whether or not God exists, he would likely have met with much more success.    BIBLIOGRAPHY: Cottingham, John [ed].   Meditations on First Philosophy.   Cambridge University Press.   Great Britain; 1997    Notes 1 Paragraph 41 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Paragraph 43 5 Paragraph 45 6 Paragraph 42 7 Paragraph 51   

The Unethical Business in the Telecommunication Industry

Executive summary The report will have a close look on unethical business about telecommunication industry. We know that a lot of times the rights of consumers are not protected. Because of the much unethical behaviour in the industry, consumers often faced the choices between interest and social morality. In many cases this report has discovered that the unethical behaviours. The essay will also Analysis of each company and provides recommendations for investors. Introduction This report will look at: The unethical behaviour about WorldCom accounting scandal †¢ The Monopolistic competition about china telecom †¢ The overcharging behaviour of AT&T †¢ Recommendations for telecommunication industry †¢ Conclusion Findings WorldCom WorldCom, The America’s second-biggest long distance phone company. From 1999 to 2002, an internal audit had reported that $3. 3 billion in profits were improperly recorded on its books. That is on top of the $3. 8 billion in expense s. And company said it had improperly reported as capital investments.WorldCom now says it must issue revised financial statements from full year (four quarters) of 2001 and the first quarter of 2002. (Tran, 9 August 2002) After the bankruptcy of company, investors and consumers feel staggered and scare. Because it was the large company, the public think it was been trusted by the public. But the company has abused the public trust through the falsification of financial statements preparation and to deceive the public and lie about the benefits of its products in order to get more revenue. (Arnold, 22 July, 2002)China Telecom By the end of 2010, the population of Internet users in china has been reach to 23. 3 present of whole world and about 55. 3 percent of Internet users in Asia. However, china's rate of Internet is the slowest of the world, the average rate of global broadband access is 5. 6Mbps, but in china, the average rate of downlink is only 1. 8Mbps (ranked 71st in the wor ld). We noticed that the broadband market in China is lack of competition, Interesting, the average cost per Mbps is 3 to 4 times the price of UK, US and other developed countries. Hille, November 14, 2011) The price supervision and anti-monopoly bureau at china's National Development and Reform Commission surprised observers on November 9, 2011 by announcing it was investigating China Telecom and another pharmaceutical company, the state-owned fixed-line carries, for allegedly abusing its dominant market position to limit the competitor entry the broadband business. AT&T June, 2010. AT&T will stop to let the customers signing its unlimited data plans and use new tiered pricing system. Ettinger, June 2, 2010 ) AT&T listed three categories of plans: †¢Data Plus- $15 per month for 200 MB of data. If the customer is exceeding 200 MB of monthly billing cycles, they can have additional 200 MB of data for $15. According to AT&T's Statistics, 65% of mobile phone users' monthly data fl ow is less than 200 MB †¢Data Pro- customers spend $25 per month; they can get 2 GB data. If customers exceed 2 GB in this month, they can receive 1 GB data/$10. Currently, 98% of people use less than 2 GB per month in their statistics. The AT&T customers can pay additional $20 per month to let their mobile phones as a modem to offer the broadband for their computes. When the company could not found the new profit growth point, they selected provide the products which harm the interests of consumers to balance the income and expenditure of enterprises, rather than through innovation to create new revenue. Recommendations Accounting scandal Considered the WorldCom case, Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) Calls for global professional auditors maintain independent.They want to see the audit firm limit to provides additional services in order to make accounting fraud, In accordance with industry standards to appoint auditors and requested his independent positio n and not be limited by clients. Fair competition: Monopolistic competition Monopolistically competitive markets have the following characteristics: †¢ Profit Maximiser: Maximizes profits. †¢ Price Maker: They can decide the price of the product or goods to be sold. Price Discrimination: Usually refers to providers of goods or services to different recipients to provide the same level and same quality of goods or Services, Different interview with the different price. †¢ Single seller: In a Monopolistically competitive markets there are just one or two sellers of the good which produces all outputs. For this reason, the whole market has to serve by a single company, and this biggest company is the same as the whole industry. †¢ High Barriers to Entry: The competitors are unable to entry this market of the monopoly.We can witness that the triangle part is the Deadweight loss. Antitrust law or Antimonopoly Act Competition law, the most famous competition law is ant itrust law, is law that stimulative market competes and adjust anti-competitive behavior. The role of the anti-monopoly law can be divided into four aspects: Maintain a reasonable market structure improve the efficiency of resource allocation. Maintenance and promotion of effective competition in the market, promoting the development of economic and technology. Protecting the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and social public welfare.Economic democracy Against overcharging In this case, we can witness that the company is trying to limit the consumers use more data by the data cap. But on the other hand, it seems to encouraging consumers to use more data as they like. In this case, DataPro plan, the price of exceed gigabyte is cheaper than the previous. AT&T said that its maximum of 2 gigabyte of data in the plan will just impact the 2 percent users they collected, but the truth is that the almost of data use is increasing every year. Today’s heavy user is tomorrow 's average user.The unreasonable charge of AT will hamper innovation in new ways, and hinder the healthy growth of economic and broadband industry. AT can introduce an overcharging plan that is totally anti-consumers, further indicates that the wireless market is lack of competition Conclusion The report focuses on the unethical business in telecommunication industry and analysis of three cases about famous company, we know that the WorldCom went bankrupt because the accounting scandal, china telecom loss the confidence of customers because monopolistic conduct.It will lose the market competitiveness if it loses the support of government. I may suggest AT, the United States has a sound legal system and healthy business environment. With the Strict Sales Surveillance Mechanism, customers can make the best interest for themselves. Bibliography Binger, B & Hoffman, E. : Microeconomics with Calculus, 2nd ed. p 391 Addison-Wesley 1998. Arnold, J. , 22 July, 2002. WorldCom's star falls to earth. [Online] Available at: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/2066885. stm? lang=en_us&output=json Ettinger, J. , June 2, 2010 . AT&T Tiered Pricing Is Anti-Consumer. [Online] Available at: http://www. freepress. net/press-release/2010/6/2/free-press-att-tiered-pricing-anti-consumer Hille, K. , November 14, 2011. China expected to increase antitrust probes. [Online] Available at: http://www. ft. com/cms/s/0/f21d704c-0c3a-11e1-8ac6-00144feabdc0. html#axzz1eqWYDERm Tran, M. , 9 August 2002. WorldCom accounting scandal. [Online] Available at: http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/2002/aug/09/corporatefraud. worldcom2

An Importance Of Anne Frank Diary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 732 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Anne Frank Essay Did you like this example? Being a young girl is hard enough but living in Germany as a Jew was terrible through 1939-1942 so imagine just how young Anne Frank Felt. Anne Frank was a normal girl her family was pretty wealthy she was a normal teenager she bickered with her mother and sister, Through the story she expresses her hatred for her mother. Things got rough around WW2 The Holocaust especially for the Jews they got put in concentration camps and got killed for no reason, Anne saw all this violence at such a young age. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Importance Of Anne Frank Diary" essay for you Create order She had to hide in an top office building floor for two years from the Nazis. Through all that Anne Frank kept pushing persevering not giving up and could still express her feelings throughout her diary, but the most important message is that all people have the right to live in freedom. Annes story shows us that just because people may be a different religion or race, doesnt mean that they should be treated differently, and thats what stood out to me through this book. Anne Frank born June 12, 1942 in the city of Frankfurt. She had a mother and father Edith and Otto Frank and one sibling a sister Margot Frank. They were raised wealthy Anne had went to all jew school because she couldnt go to a normal school because she was a jew. Even through all she loved school she may havent been the brightest kid but she always pushed to her best. Annes family were always on their heels because they knew any minute the Nazis may come for them, so they always had a plan, and one day they did come them they packed their stuff and ran and went into their dads office building on to live on the top floor. They had settled their more and more people came about eight people where living on the top building floor. This was such a crucial point in Annes life in the beginning of her teenage years. Anne Frank was always a joyful talkative person and sometimes selfish she like a typical teenage girl she didnt always understand how difficult life was for her mother and the other adults around her. Anne did always look at the negative of things which got her in many conflicts she was always so positive even though she knew people were after her to perhaps kill her. Anne Showed perseverance many ways as she was used to a certain lifestyle which she stripped of just because of her ethnicity. She was to live in a small area with people she didnt even know but she stayed true to herself as writing in her diary and expressing her feelings and conflicts and kept pushing forward. Its hard always see positive when everything is negative but Anne Frank had did it from going to one lifestyle to another is very difficult living in a annex when you want to go out but cant having to walk soft because you cant give your location up, and as a teenager with all that energy and not being able to release may be very frustrating at times but Anne Frank kept persevering. Family was very important to her she spent a lot of time with them until the Nazis had took them and they had to go into concentration camps were they were enslaved and put to work, it was hard on Anne and her family but as we see Anne is a fighter and she didnt give up she went into hiding still writing in her diary still still being her she wasnt being heartless, she knew what good would it do if just feel pity and get taken by the Nazis too and theres is were Anne Frank showed perseverance. Anne Frank is important to the world because she showed non-jews what it was like living during the Holocaust as a Jew. Anne Frank has shown perseverance by hiding from the Nazis, by not giving up in life because of her nationality, and living through the Holocaust.Anne Frank persevered because she kept most of her life struggles a secret. She fought through her life because she was Jewish, and she lived during the Holocaust. If Anne didnt preserver she wouldnt have lived as long as she did. Perseverance is important because it pushes people to do things they never thought they could.